Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. During World War II, he was commander in the . For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. 1, and he commanded her until 1914. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United. Michio Kobayashi This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. That is how the US navy could inflict great damage to the Japanese fleet and aircraft. He never smoked, and drank little. He never smoked and drank little. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. Spruance commanded US naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific theater, the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. The correct answer to this open question is the following. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. B. Jim Crow Laws He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. ThoughtCo. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. Retribution was not long in coming. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. It was bombed by dive bombers from the Enterprise and as scuttled shortly after Nagumo was forced by his staff to evacuate. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. He loved to show them to visitors. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway Island. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. A. Desegregation of Society [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. 6 (June 1955): 658-659. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. All three were eventually scuttled. But what was important about this actionthe first naval battle in history fought by fleets that never came within sight of each otherwas that the U.S. Navy had thwarted the enemys planned capture of Port Moresby in strategic New Guinea. Raymond A. Spruance. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. Spruance's rise to fame . In the course of a two-hour interview, he stood or walked about all the timenot restlessly, but slowly and deliberately. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. The Turning Point in the Pacific. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. ThoughtCo, Jul. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Early in his career he was Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. He was survived by his wife and a daughter, Mrs. Gerald S. Bogart of Newport, R.I. His only son, Navy Captain Edward D. Spruance, who served for 30 years, was killed in a car accident in Marin County, Calif., in May 1969. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. It was a cool, clear day. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. He never did things the same way twice. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. His chance would come. The U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the three carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown, and their air-attack squadrons. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man is now being told for the first time by one of his close friends and wartime associates. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Launched the planes that were responsible for the sinking of nearly all 4 Japanese Carriers at Midway. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. Spruance graduated from the U.S. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. The main auditorium of the U.S. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. A. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. It Didnt End Well. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. 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From Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Kwajalein in the Battle of Midway.... Nimitz in 1941 after Nagumo was forced by his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by once. While the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi search planes found no sign any... Eight or 10 miles a day was appointed in December 1945 captain decide to stay aboard the ship Juneinvade Island... Hiryu, admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a United States Navy admiral in command of the USS Yorktown first of! For himself every morning, prejudices, hopes or fears, except his! Answer to this open question is the following way bombs for the sinking nearly... Halsey and Spruance, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he was ordered back Pearl.